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Galileo thermometer
A Galileo thermometer (or Galilean thermometer) is a thermometer made of a sealed glass cylinder containing a clear liquid and several glass vessels of varying densities. As the temperature changes, the individual floats rise or fall in proportion to their respective density.
It is named after Galileo Galilei because he discovered the principle on which this thermometer is based—that the density of a liquid changes in proportion to its temperature—and he also invented a thermoscope based on this principle.
== Origin and naming ==
Although named after Italian physicist Galileo Galilei, the thermometer described in this article was not invented by him. Galileo did invent a thermometer, called Galileo's air thermometer (more accurately termed a thermoscope), in or before 1603.〔Aleksandr Khristoforovich Khrgian, ''Meteorology: a historical survey, Volume 1'', Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 1970, p.25 (accessed on Google Books 2012-06-14)〕 The so-called 'Galileo thermometer' was invented by a group of academics and technicians known as the Accademia del Cimento of Florence,〔Peter Loyson, ''Galilean Thermometer Not So Galilean'', Journal of Chemical Education 2012, 89 (9), pp.1095-1096.〕 who included Galileo's pupil, Torricelli and Torricelli's pupil Viviani.〔A. Frova & M. Marenzana, ''Thus spoke Galileo'', p.348, accessed on Google Books 2012-06-14, itself based on R. Caverni, ''Storia del metodo sperimentale in Italia'', Vol. 2, Florence, 1895〕 Details of the thermometer were published in the ''Saggi di naturali esperienze fatte nell'Academia del Cimento sotto la protezione del Serenissimo Principe Leopoldo di Toscana e descritte dal segretario di essa Accademia'' (1666), the Academy's main publication. The English translation of this work (1684) describes the device ('The Fifth Thermometer') as 'slow and lazy', a description that is reflected in an alternative Italian name for the invention, the ''termometro lento'' (slow thermometer).〔José Montesinos, Carlos Solís Santos (), ''Largo campo di filosofare: Eurosymposium Galileo 2001'', Fundación Canaria Orotava, 2001〕 The outer vessel was filled with 'rectified spirits of wine' (a concentrated solution of ethanol in water); the weights of the glass bubbles were adjusted by grinding a small amount of glass from the sealed end; and a small air space was left at the top of the main vessel to allow 'for the Liquor to rarefie' (expand ).
The device now called the Galileo thermometer was revived in the modern era by the Natural History Museum, London, which started selling a version in the 1990s.〔Daily Mirror, 28th. Jan., 1994, p.28〕
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